The scientific journal Legalis et Politica was launched in September 2021, affiliated with Florida Global University through FGU Publishing. It is a peer-reviewed and indexed journal published electronically on a quarterly basis. Its mission is to publish the intellectual output of professors, researchers, entrepreneurs, and innovators, as well as governmental institutions and non-governmental organizations active in the knowledge society, with a focus on the areas of law, politics, and criminology. The journal aims to make their contributions visible and accessible to the general public and academia in particular. Its operations are managed through the FGU Research Center. It is included in the FGU Publishing database.
FLORIDA GLOBAL UNIVERSITY International Academic Research Center
El segundo número de la REVISTA LEGALIS ET POLITICA en este año 2026, correspondiente a los meses mayo/agosto, va dirigido a la divulgación de trabajos desarrollados sobre: Acción popular, Ley 1425 de 2010, incentivo económico, derechos colectivos, desarrollo sostenible, derechos humanos, dignidad humana, derecho humanitario, justicia transicional, justicia; transición, Venezuela.
Copyright © 2026 María Medina https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Transitional justice in Venezuela: A tool for the protection of human rights
In the context of protecting human rights as essential prerogatives for the development of a democratic society, it is crucial to explore the various mechanisms available for their safeguarding. Therefore, this study aimed to understand the scope of transitional justice as a tool for protecting human rights in Venezuela. To achieve this objective, a documentary study was conducted using a qualitative approach, supported by reflexivity, hermeneutics, and operational techniques for analyzing bibliographic sources. Among the findings, the acceptance of transitional justice stands out as a mechanism through which administrative and judicial processes, as well as legal reforms, allow for the adoption of a national justice system. This system aims to build sustainable peace after a period of conflict, mass violence, or widespread and systematic human rights violations. Furthermore, the study concluded that, in the Venezuelan context, transitional justice must be understood as a participatory and dynamic process. Only with algorithmic transparency in institutional processes, as well as a commitment to the whole of historical truth, will it be possible to move from authoritarianism to a strengthened democracy where the guarantee of fundamental rights is the central axis of governance.
Copyright © 2026 Ángel Carmelo Prince Torres, María Victoria Márquez Olmos https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The impact of eliminating economic incentives on the efficacy of popular actions: Toward socioeconomic and environmental regression in Quibdó, Chocó (Law 1425 of 2010)
This research analyzes the legal, socio-economic, and environmental impact resulting from the enactment of Law 1425 of 2010, which repealed the economic incentive originally established in Articles 39 and 40 of Law 472 of 1998 for popular plaintiffs. The study focuses specifically on the municipality of Quibdó, Chocó, a territory characterized by high biodiversity but marked by profound social gaps, where popular actions (acciones populares) have historically served as a citizen oversight tool against administrative omissions. Using a mixed-methods approach that integrates qualitative and documentary analysis of local jurisprudence with filing statistics, the study examines how the elimination of this reward has triggered a disinterest in citizen participation for the defense of collective interests. The findings evidence a reduction in the volume of popular actions, leading to a setback in the protection of rights related to environmental balance and regional socio-economic development. This shift has significantly increased community vulnerability to environmental damage and public service deficiencies. Although Law 1425 aimed to prevent the "abuse of rights," in contexts of institutional fragility such as Quibdó, its application has hindered access to justice and the efficacy of the constitutional principle of solidarity.
Copyright © 2026 Sandra Patricia Murillo Mena, Albertina Cuesta Moreno, David Fernando Renteria Renteria https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Human dignity as the inviolable core of fundamental rights: an analysis of its normative consolidation and guarantee through international mechanisms
This study delves into Human Dignity as the inviolable core of human rights: an analysis of its normative consolidation and its guarantee through international mechanisms, using a rigorous, convergent, and mixed design. This design has been driven by the evolution of International Humanitarian Law (IHL) and Transitional Justice (TJ) as indispensable fields of study and practice. International Humanitarian Law protects the victims of war, while Transitional Justice seeks to end conflict by establishing truth commissions, criminal trials, reparations programs, institutional reforms, and reconciliation processes. Its objective is multifaceted; the function of these instruments and mechanisms is to tirelessly ensure the dignity of human life under any circumstances, guarantee accountability, and lay the foundations for lasting peace and the maintenance of the rule of law. Fundamental implications for the subject matter based on Human Rights, Human Dignity, International Humanitarian Law and Transitional Justice are discussed, and future lines of research are proposed that include long-term follow-ups and psychobiological measures, reinforcing the need for a holistic and integrated approach for the national and international context.
Copyright © 2026 Diana Romero La Roche, Cristina Seijo, Dana Mavarez, Cristian Torres https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Evaluation form for article, research product, bibliographic review, reflection, short films or essays
Copyright © 2026 SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL LEGALIS ET POLITICA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
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The principle of non-intervention is one of the central pillars of contemporary public international law. It emerged as a counterweight to absolute state sovereignty, establishing that no state has the right to intervene in the internal affairs of another. This book offers a comprehensive analysis of the origins and evolution of this principle, with a particular focus on the fundamental role played by Latin American countries in its formulation and legal consolidation. The central thesis of the book is that the principle of non-intervention is not a theoretical abstraction, but a political and legal construct with deep historical roots, forged in response to the experience of foreign interference. The value of the work lies in how it connects Latin American diplomatic history with the development of global international law, an approach that fills a significant gap in Spanish-language literature.
Digital platforms: social media and its influence on children and adolescents in situations of social vulnerability in the new generation programme in the corrigimiento of el chorrillo, Panama
The purpose of this article is to understand the influence and consideration of digital platforms, particularly social media, on children and adolescents (NNA) in situations of social vulnerability who participate in the Nueva Generación Programme, located in the El Chorrillo neighbourhood. The research is based on a socio-educational and rights-based approach, considering the impact of digital environments on the comprehensive development of NNA. The methodology used is quantitative, with a descriptive-cross-sectional design. Techniques such as observation and semi-structured interviews with the children and adolescents in the programme were used. This study was conducted in a community context characterised by high rates of social exclusion and limited access to safe digital guidance mechanisms. The results show that intensive and unsupervised use of social networks significantly influences children's behaviour, perception of identity, interpersonal relationships and exposure to digital risks, such as misinformation, symbolic violence, vulnerability and excessive use. Limited digital literacy was also identified among both the participants and their family environments, which increases their vulnerability. Finally, it is essential to strengthen critical digital gamification strategies, psychosocial support, and coordinated public policies that ensure responsible and informed use.
Normative Ethical Framework based on criminological thinking and Human Rights: solid foundations framed in the recognition of intrinsic dignity, equity and reason
The present study analyzes the construction of an ethical regulatory framework based on criminological thinking and Human Rights: solid foundations framed in the recognition of intrinsic dignity, equity and reason. Starting from the premise of the intrinsic dignity of every person, the founding principle of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the contributions and limitations of the main criminological schools are examined, with emphasis on the methodological error of the positivist etiological paradigm, which pathologized the criminal and reinforced social stereotypes. The development argues that overcoming this approach requires integrating the principles of universality, inalienability, indivisibility and interdependence of human rights with a critical criminology aware of the structural selectivity of punitive power. The conclusion underscores the need for an explicit professional deontology that translates these abstract principles into concrete standards of practice, thereby promoting a justice system that is both effective and ethically legitimate.
Theory of the validity of Law: a logical analysis proposed by Robert Alexy framing to the Venezuelan Penal Code
The purpose of this research is to study the Theory of the validity of Law: a logical analysis proposed by Robert Alexy framing to the Venezuelan Penal Code (2005), doing a study on the validity of the norms of a legal system, seen from a perspective moral, sociological and effective, based on the perspectives of authors such as Alexy (2013), Hart (2014), Kant (2020), Iturralde (2023), among others. On the other hand, this study is a documentary-type investigation, with a non-experimental design, and using legal hermeneutics as a data analysis technique. To achieve the objective, a traditional or narrative review was carried out that consisted of an exhaustive search and analysis of the literature on the topic, including both classic works and recent scientific articles, highlighting bibliometric research and systematic reviews as categories of research. documentary, with its own explicit methods and whose current trend is, mainly, searching online or in academic databases present on 2.0 platforms, without excluding the possibility of analyzing printed documents not digitized to date, as is still done in some disciplines of the social sciences. This is how not everything is written about this ancient figure, since they are decantations that the doctrine elaborates from the inductive examination of the different penal institutions, sometimes expanded and consolidated by comparative criminal law.
Society finds itself at a historic crossroads, where the very foundations of the world order, carved in stone at Westphalia, are under unprecedented strain. The concept of state sovereignty, that hard core of international coexistence, can no longer be analyzed as an impregnable fortress, but rather as a porous membrane, constantly strained by the centrifugal force of human rights and international criminal responsibility. This reflection does not arise, therefore, from abstract scholarship, but from the heat of the courtroom, from the meticulous examination of forensic reports in asymmetric conflicts, and from the distressing paradox of a hyperconnected world that too often stands by impassively as humanity becomes totally disconnected in specific corners of the map.
The first issue of the LEGALIS ET POLITICA JOURNAL in 2026, covering the months of January/April, is dedicated to the dissemination of work carried out on: Validity, effectiveness, Robert Alexy, the Penal Code, human rights, intrinsic dignity, criminological ethics, the etiological paradigm, the regulatory framework, social networks, childhood, adolescence, social vulnerability, social work, and sovereignty.
Evaluation form for research articles, literature reviews, reflective essays, short articles, or essays
Copyright © 2025 SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL LEGALIS ET POLITICA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Written by Carolina Moreno V. and Gracy Pelacani in 2023. According to the authors, the work examines the phenomenon of Venezuelan migration in Latin America, with a special focus on the Colombian context, due to the process generated by the proximity and easy access to the border territory.
Stories of adaptation: The Colombian Migrant experience in the U.S.
This article analyzes the distinctive characteristics of Colombian migration to the United States, covering a representative period that extends from the 80s to the present day. Through exhaustive documentary research. The study focuses on the experience of 5 Colombian migrants where their experiences offer a qualitative and personal perspective on the challenges and opportunities in their adaptation process, including labor, social and cultural integration. With the help of a thematic analysis of the surveys and testimonies collected through the research, it was possible to identify patterns and trends that reveal the physical and mental consequences of migrants. Attention is also paid to the different obstacles that migrants have had to overcome, such as language barriers, discrimination and homesickness. In addition, the article discusses strategies that migrant respondents have developed during their years of residence to cope with difficulties and how to build a sense of belonging in their new home. Finally, the study offers a reflection based on the implications of Colombian migration for the United States, both in terms of its economic and social impact as well as its contribution to the cultural diversity that each country offers.
Effects of U.S. immigration policy on the employment situation of migrant workers
This study analyzed the impact of the United States’ restrictive immigration policies on the working conditions and professional development of migrant workers, as well as their effects on businesses operating in the country. The main objective was to understand how these policies influence job stability, growth opportunities, and the inclusion of migrants in the labor market. A mixed methodology was used, combining quantitative analysis of official data and surveys with a qualitative approach based on semi-structured interviews with migrant workers.The findings show that restrictive immigration policies contribute to labor precariousness, as many migrants despite having experience and professional training in their countries of origin are forced to accept low-skilled and poorly paid jobs. This supports the labor market segmentation theory and highlights how structural barriers limit the potential of foreign human capital. Additionally, the shortage of migrant labor negatively affects productivity in key sectors of the U.S. economy, such as agriculture, construction, and services. Current immigration policies, which emphasize control over entry and residence, create conditions of vulnerability and exploitation. Migrants often face low wages, long working hours, and limited opportunities for professional advancement. These conditions not only undermine the well-being and aspirations of migrant workers but also impact businesses by increasing employee turnover and reducing operational efficiency. In response to these challenges, the study recommends strengthening labor protection policies and promoting the fair integration of migrants into the workforce. Recognizing and valuing the contribution of migrant labor is essential for both social equity and sustained economic development
New approaches to Social Control: Processes and methods based on the Prevention of organized crime
The purpose of this article is to analyze the topic related to new approaches to Social Control: processes and methods based on the prevention of organized crime. The classic discussions of academics have been surpassed to the same extent that new perspectives, approaches and categories are introduced, under the pressure of unprecedented social realities. The alteration of the quality of the criminal act, the inefficiency of state agencies in criminal matters, the generalization of the fear of violence, the perception of impunity, among other phenomena, have placed issues such as privatization, informalization, deregulation, among others, at the center. To achieve the objective, a traditional or narrative review was carried out that consisted of an exhaustive search and analysis of the literature on the topic, including both classic works and recent scientific articles, highlighting bibliometric research and systematic reviews as categories of documentary research, with its own explicit methods and whose current trend is, mainly, the online search or in academic databases present on 2.0 platforms, without excluding the possibility of analyzing printed documents not digitized to date, as is still done in some disciplines. of the social sciences. For this reason, not everything is written about this ancient figure, since they are decantations that the doctrine develops from the inductive examination of the different penal institutions, sometimes expanded and consolidated by comparative criminal law.
Comparative law perspectives between the US and Latin America reveal a division between the US common law system, based on case law, and the Latin American civil law system, centered on codified law of Roman origin. This difference is evident in how the law is constructed, but it also drives comparative studies focused on legal harmonization, the consolidation of human rights, the strengthening of institutions, and the search for solutions to common challenges, such as integration processes or the application of norms in the field of public international law.
The third issue of the LEGALIS ET POLITICA JOURNAL in 2025, corresponding to the months of September/December, is dedicated to the dissemination of work carried out on: Social control, organized crime, private justice, labor migration, migration policies, migrant workers, labor discrimination, working conditions, migration, policies, integration, stories of adaptation, comparative law, socio-legal perspective, Venezuelan experience.
The second issue of the LEGALIS ET POLITICA JOURNAL in 2025, corresponding to the months of May/August, is aimed at disseminating work carried out on: Organized crime, formulation of crimes, criminal proceedings, professional competencies, criminal law, law and society, validity of law, bioethical debate.
Bioethical debate based on the antimicrobial spectrum of silver sulfadiazine against bacteria cultivated in public hospitals
The fundamental objective of this research was to address the bioethical debate based on the antimicrobial spectrum of Silver Sulfadiazine against bacteria cultured in public hospitals. The research was applied and descriptive, being a feasible project, with a laboratory and transversal experimental design. The data were collected by the researchers through direct observation in the facilities of the Autonomous Service of the University Hospital of Maracaibo (SAHUM), the Center for Comprehensive Care of the Burned Patient (CAINPAQ) and the Bacteriology laboratory of the Coromoto Hospital of Maracaibo, General Hospital. of Cabimas and Pedro Garcia Clara Hospital of Ciudad Ojeda, all of them located in the State of Zulia, Venezuela. The information was processed statistically and organized in tables, tables and/or graphs, through descriptive statistics for the analysis of the research results. It was concluded that Silver Sulfadiazine acted on Staphylococcus aureus MRSA, MSSA and coagulase negative MR, inhibiting its growth, generating inhibition halos of 14-15mm, without producing oxidative changes in its structure and much less staining effects to differentiate the strains. gram positive or gram negative. Against the rest of the strains studied such as Klebsiella Pneumoniae, Echerichia Coli, Pseudomona Aeruginosa, Proteus Mirabilis, Burkholderia cepacia and Acinetobacter baumannii, it does not have antibacterial effects inhibiting its growth, it did not produce inhibition in the growth halos nor did it generate oxidative changes in its structure. It also did not produce staining effects to differentiate gram-positive or gram-negative strains.
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Edited by Rachel Sieder, Karina Ansolabehere, and Tatiana Alfonso in 2024, translated by David Ricardo Luna, the book is structured in four parts and 28 chapters.
Professional competencies in the criminal field through the articulation of core university functions and TIC
This mixed-methods study, with a quantitative emphasis, investigated the articulation of core university functions (research, outreach, and internationalization) mediated by information and communication technologies (ICT) and their contribution to the development of professional competencies in the criminal field within the Bachelor's Degree in Criminal Investigation and Security at the Specialized University of the Americas (UDELAS) in Panama. Through the analysis of curriculum mapping matrices and surveys of 120 students, the degree of ICT integration in each core function and student perceptions thereof were evaluated. The results revealed a low articulation between ICT and core functions, especially in outreach, where only 5% of activities integrate ICT. Research, although with a higher general contribution (56%), showed ICT integration in only 30% of its activities. Student perceptions concurred with these findings, showing a higher perceived integration of ICT in teaching (80%) compared to research (45%) and outreach (30%). Qualitative perspectives from faculty and employers, collected through interviews, complemented these findings, pointing to the need for greater faculty training in the pedagogical use of ICT and the importance of strengthening practical training in specific digital competencies, such as digital forensic analysis and cybersecurity. It is concluded that the current low articulation limits the development of crucial digital competencies for the criminal field.
Organized crime: Formulation of abstract crimes that challenge the Venezuelan criminal process
The purpose of this article is to analyze Organized Crime: Formulation of abstract crimes that challenge the Venezuelan criminal process, based on this, a theoretical reference is developed that, from different perspectives, leaves the state of the art of this topic. To achieve the purpose, a traditional or narrative review was carried out that consisted of an exhaustive search and analysis of the literature on the topic, including both classic works and recent scientific articles, highlighting bibliometric research and systematic reviews as categories of documentary research, with its own explicit methods and whose current trend is, mainly, the online search or in academic databases present on 2.0 platforms, without excluding the possibility of the analysis of printed documents not digitized to date, as continues to be done in some disciplines of the social sciences. For this reason, not everything is written about this ancient figure, since they are decantations that the doctrine develops from the inductive examination of the different penal institutions, sometimes expanded and consolidated by comparative criminal law.
The validity of law in Latin America, as analyzed by scholars of the subject, is a complex issue, marked by the influence of Roman law, legal tradition, and the need to adapt to diverse social and political contexts. Although many countries share a civil law system based on legal codes, the interpretation and application of the law varies considerably. In addition, the region faces significant challenges in guaranteeing human rights and the rule of law.
Bajo la coordinación de Diana Guillén y Alejandro Monsiváis Carrillo en el año 2023, en 501 páginas, este libro realiza un abordaje en profundidad sobre una problemática actual y vigente, en relación con el tema examinado. En su estructura pueden leerse los siguientes contenidos: Representación e inclusión democrática: Cuestiones emergentes y renovados desafíos políticos; representación, participación y democracia; representación partidaria y democratización en la esfera pública. Inercias políticas, actores emergentes, nuevos espacios de inclusión. Precisamente, en esta tercera parte son examinados aspectos relacionados con la inclusión política indígena, el derecho a la diferencia y diversidad, gobernanza y gobernabilidad en territorios indígenas, los dilemas de las normas consuetudinarias, la justicia electoral y los derechos indígenas, entre otros temas.